Robotic Assisted Surgery - 16730 Words

Robotic Assisted Surgery Research Project LAS 432 Professor Scott Maxon Team B Richard Field Melissa Cutrer Charles Engle Ryan Ferree Nada Dakroub Yarin Garcia Miralles Table of Contents Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦3 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....4-5 I. Description of the Technology (Melissa Cutrer)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5-12 II. History of the Technology (Melissa Cutrer)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.12-17 III. Political and Legal Influences (Richard Field)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.17-27 IV. Economic Issues (Charles Engle)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.27-35 V. Psychological and Sociological Effects (Nada Dakroub)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦ 35-44 VI. Cultural and Artistic Considerations (Ryan Ferree)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.44-50 VII.†¦show more content†¦Included in the discussion of their cultures we will also touch on the way some countries feel about these types of technology. It will be important for us to also talk about the environment. Then, finally, we must talk about both the moral and ethical aspects of using robots to perform surgery. By researching and reporting these things, it is our desire for everyone to not only have a better understanding of the technology, but to consider it as an alternate source, if needed in the future. It is technology like robotic assisted surgery that will help us have the long, healthy lives we all desire. Description of the Technology (Melissa Cutrer) Description Computer assisted surgery and robotic assisted surgery are both technology developments that use robotic systems to aid surgeons in surgical procedures. The term robot was first coined by the Czech playwright, Karel Capek, in 1921 in his play Rossom s Universal Robots. The word robot is from the check word â€Å"robota† which means forced labor. (Palep, 2009). Robots are taking on more of a role outside of just imagination but in reality. Robots were once known as machines that performed repetitive tasks and now they have taken on the role of being known as highly intelligent robots and are becoming popular in culture with human like characteristics. Even though robots still areShow MoreRelatedRobot Assisted Surgery : Robotic System1933 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction: Robot assisted surgeries are the surgical procedures that utilize a robotic system controlled by a physician or the surgeon himself via a computer. The robotic system has an attached camera to help the operator to see the organ being operated. These systems are known for their precision, accuracy, delicacy and efficient controlling options. Since their invention they have been used and are currently used in urological, neurological, endoscopic, cardiovascular and gynecological surgeries and operationRead MoreRole Of Laparoscopic, Robotic Assisted And Open Surgery Essay3228 Words   |  13 PagesRole of laparoscopic, robotic assisted and open surgery in management of stones. Introduction: Humans are suffering from the urolithiasis from time before the recorded history. Urolithiasis have been found in the Egyptian mummy dating 4800BC(1).Surgery for urolithiasis was done in ancient Greek and Roman civilizations but these surgeries were mainly focused as treatment for complications of stone diseases like pyonephrosis or fistulae. Ingalls performed first elective nephrolithotomy in 1872 inRead MoreThe Origin Of Surgical Robots1472 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the Springer Handbook of Robotics, since the mid 1980s the growth of medical robots has significantly, and strikingly increased. Robotic surgery, also called robot assisted surgery, is using robotic surgical devices to allow a surgeon at a console to operate remote-controlled robotic arms which facilitate the performance of procedures (Barbash). These robots are classified by manipulator design, level of autonomy, targeted anatomy or technique and intended operating environment (Siciliano)Read MoreRobotic Surg ery : Surgical Surgery1746 Words   |  7 PagesRobotic Surgery Robots are used in everyday life. They are in cars, our houses, and many places we do not care to notice, as they have become a necessity for daily living. Advancements have been made, that allow for robots to be used in surgery. Robotic surgery is relatively new to the medical industry and it is often underrated. Robotic surgery offers greater efficiency, and utility than that provided through traditional surgical methods. The most traditional and common way of performing surgeryRead MoreRobotic Surgery Essay example14445 Words   |  58 PagesRobotic Surgery HUM432: Technology, Society, and Culture April 15, 2012 Table of Contents Abstract – Page 3 Introduction– page 4 Description of Robotic Surgery page 5 Applications of Robotic Surgery – page 4 – 7 History of Robotic Surgery - – page 8 Robotic Surgery –- page 9 Advantages of Robot-Assisted Surgery – page 9, 10 Disadvantages of Robotic Surgery – page 11, 12 Political Influences – page 13 - 16 Legal Influences – page 16 – 20 Economic Questions/ Considerations –Read MoreThe Impact Of Robotic Surgery On Surgery1561 Words   |  7 Pages Analysis of Impact on Robotic Surgery Sandral Carter Devry University Robotic Surgery is a type of minimally invasive surgery with the use of robots that surgeons control. (Background and History of Surgical Robotics, 2017) The goal of using robots in medicine is to provide improved diagnostic abilities, a less invasive and more comfortable experience for the patient, and the ability to do smaller and more precise interventions. Robotic surgery is increasing in popularity inRead MoreRobotics in Surgery5226 Words   |  21 PagesRobotics in Surgery Snehal S. Mayekar Department of Biomedical Engineering, YTIET, Bhivpuri Road, Karjat. sm.little.snail@gmail.com Abstract-- Objective: Tracking the progress of new Robotic Surgery techniques, their limitations and future scope. Background: The field of robotics has the potentialRead MoreHow Medical Robotics Affect Healthcare Costs And Patient Safety2436 Words   |  10 Pagesthis holds true for is healthcare, specifically robotics in healthcare. Imagine entering into a surgery room and seeing less medical professional and more machines. How would that make you feel? As the development of these new medical technologies continues, the list of pros and cons will grow too from those who critic them from an ethical, societal, and global level. There are ethical concerns that are raised by public regarding how medical robotics will affect healthcare costs and patient safetyRead MoreThe Effect Of Artificial Intelligence On The Medical Industry1097 Words   |  5 Pagesrequire human intelligence. In the scientific industry, artificial intelligence is used to assist surgeons in surgery, called robotic surgery and is most likely to become the most dominant form of surgery. Robot assisted surgery has been prevalent for about ten years now, and is becoming popular in many industries. From an aeronautical point of view, NASA is implementing robotic surgery for astronauts in space, in case of emergencies. From a military standpoint, the Pentagon is investing their timeRead MoreThe First Surgical Robot, By Dr. James Mcewen And Geof Auchinlek1963 Words   |  8 PagesDr. James McEwen and Geof Auchinlek and was in collaboration with an orthopedic surgeon by the name of Dr. Brian Day. There was even a movie produced by National Geographic on robotics that featured the Arthrobot. Around the same time, other medical robots were developed including a robotic arm that performed eye surgery and another that acted as an operating assistant by handing surgeons instruments by responding to voice commands. In 1985, another robot called the Puma 560 was used to place

Profitability Analysis and Analytical Issues - 11306 Words

140 SU 3: Profitability Analysis and Analytical Issues QUESTIONS 3.1 Profitability Ratios Questions 1 and 2 are based on the following information. The financial statements for Dividendosaurus, Inc., for the current year are as follows: Balance Sheet Cash Accounts receivable Inventory Net fixed assets Total $100 200 50 600 $950 Accounts payable Long-term debt Capital stock Retained earnings Total $140 300 260 250 $950 1. Dividendosaurus has return on assets of A. 21.1% B. 39.2% C. 42.1% D. 45.3% 2. Dividendosaurus has a profit margin of A. 6.67% B. 13.33% C. 14.33% D. 46.67% 3. In the current year, Griffin Inc. had $15 million in sales, while total fixed costs were held to $6 million.†¦show more content†¦The dividend is payable on June 24 to all stockholders of record as of June 17. Excerpts from the statement of financial position for Jensen Corporation as of May 31 are presented as follows. Cash Accounts receivable (net) Inventories Total current assets $ 400,000 800,000 1,200,000 $2,400,000 Total current liabilities $1,000,000 Assume that the only transactions to affect Jensen Corporation during June are the dividend transactions. 5. Jensen’s total stockholders’ equity would be A. Unchanged by the dividend declaration and decreased by the dividend payment. B. Decreased by the dividend declaration and increased by the dividend payment. Answer (D) is correct. (CMA, adapted) REQUIRED: The impact on total stockholders’ equity of dividend declaration and payment. DISCUSSION: A dividend declaration reduces retained earnings and thus total stockholders’ equity. The subsequent payment will have no effect on stockholders’ equity since only cash and dividends payable are reduced. C. Unchanged by either the dividend declaration or the dividend payment. D. Decreased by the dividend declaration and unchanged by the dividend payment. 6. 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Walmart is an organization that uses analytics extensively and systematically to outthink and execute the competition. Walmart has gained competitive advantage by following four pillars of analytical competition. These

Nursing Home and Health Free Essays

string(31) " containers prior to disposal\." Employers have responsibilities to protect the health, safety and well-being of users, employees and other people who might be in their organisation. Employers must do whatsoever it takes to achieve it. This means ensuring that staff and others are protected from anything that may cause harm, efficiently controlling any risks to injury or health that might arise in the workplace. We will write a custom essay sample on Nursing Home and Health or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is an obligation for the employers to create health and safety environment in the workplace and they must follow the policies, legislation and laws which is enforces by the government and local agencies. Employers must take part in determining and identifying hazards and risks in the organisations. They must ensure that all the equipment which are being used to serve users are well checked and maintained the quality to avoid equipment related injuries and hazards. They will arrange training for the staffs regarding health and safety in their organisation. They will help staffs to increase their knowledge regarding their service and health and safety. They will do regular risk assessment in the organisation. Managers and supervisors must supervise employees and monitor their work regularly and make ure that employees are following organisation’s policies and laws correctly. t any statt having some problem or doing something wrong, managers and supervisor therefore will help them to solve the problem or correct them. They will implement health and safety policies and laws in the organisation and monitor procedures and practices regularly. The employees’ right is to work in a safe and healthy environment which are given by law and normally can not be changed or removed by employer. It is the employee’s duty to follow and maintain the health and safety guidelines and procedures for all ime. They are the responsible to provide health and safety to the users and themselves. They will look for potential harm and hazards and injuries in the workplace and report those immediately to managers or supervisor, to take appropriate actions against those matters. Poor knowledge and skills may cause injuries and harm in the workplace for poor handling of equipment and tools. Large equipment must keep out of the way for safety reasons. Equipment and tools must be handling with proper knowledge otherwise it may cause serious harm and injuries to staffs and users. Chemicals and medicines must be kept in secured place which must be locked for all time and only certain people have access to those. Service users also follow the health and safety policies and procedures for themselves to keep them away from potential hazards and dangerous situations. 1. 3 Analyze are the health ; safety priorities in a workplace. Health and safety policies and procedures play an important role to maintain healthy and good environment in the workplace for users, and workers. It is vital to follow and maintain health and safety policies as it safes eople from harm and injuries and help staffs to accomplish their work on time and increase their efficiency. Healthy and safe environment gives workers the opportunity to do their best as much as possible. Users and others will feel secure as they are being cared correctly and given the best quality of service and they do not worry about workplace related accidents and risks. Sometimes carer has to perform physical works like lifting heavy objects, positioning and transporting/ transferring users. By doing this type of work carer need concentration about what they are doing or about to do. A slightest mistake in positioning, movements or stepping may cause serious injuries to the users or care workers. Users who is suffering from various problems like visual impairment, hearing and balance problems and so on. Visual impairment like blurring of vision as people gets older, unable to identify light and color and hyperemia, myopia and so on cause burns, bumping to wall or objects, going to the wrong room or place, taking the wrong medication and so on. Hearing and balance problem causes fracture and head injuries. Other common accidents of elder peoples are cognitive disorders, osteoporosis, and arthritis and so on. Healthy and safe environment minimise the occurrence of accidents. Authorities are responsible for setting policies, priorities and implementation in the workplace. Employers or home care managers will ensure health and safety for the employees first and then for the users. It is recommended to provide neat and well ventilated environment in the health and social care setting. All the setting will be properly titted in the health care settings like carpets should not be tolded or wiring must not be in the busy spaces and open. Stocks and documents are properly arranged according to the function and frequency of use. Warning systems are properly implemented in the workplace as staff can notice any risk immediately. Staff must be aware of health and safety guidelines. Ignorance of policies will augment health and safety related risk and injuries in the workplace. Any appropriate training must be providing to the staff to use risky equipment. First aid kits will be available in the working area and if any occurrence happens they will take immediate aid for reducing the injury or damage. Support handles and hand rails will be provided sufficiently to those places where people pass more frequently or the area with high ossibilities of falls and trips. For preventing slipping rubber mats will be used. There will be emergency evacuation passage in the working place. Cleanliness is very important for health and safety. A clean environment is less vulnerable to get diseases. Food poisoning may happen for poor food sanitation, storage and preparation. Cook must be aware of proper food sanitation and food handling. Toilet, kitchen and public activity room must clean and clean regularly. Staff must clean their hands with sanitisation before start their work or serving any users. All kind of waste will be managed and disposed properly. Sharp objects should be placed in puncture resistant containers prior to disposal. You read "Nursing Home and Health" in category "Papers" By following the above mentioned process it is possible to maintain health and safety in the health and social care workplace. 2. 1 Analyze how information from risk assessment helps in care planning of a workplace. What is a care plan? Each user must have they own care plan such as: care home, residential care home, hospital and day center. User’s care plan will cover: Their eligible needs How they would like to achieve their goals They pass life and family members Health condition and medication They diet Any support that carers or other are willing and able to provide, and carers views A risk assessment, including any actions that will be taken to manage risks Who should be contact in case of emergencies The name of the person responsible for implementing, monitoring and reviewing the care plan The date of the next review of the care plan The care plan should be reviewed after the first three months, and then at least annually. The review looks at whether the goals that were identified in the care plan are being met. It should also review these goals to make sure they are still ppropriate, and check that any risk assessments are up to date. Risk assessment is a compulsory and essential in the workplace to ensure health and safety. The risk assessment comprises identification of risks and hazards, which is responsible for that and who will be affected by risks and hazards and how to minimise risks and improve the health and safety condition in the workplace. After doing the risk assessment, manager and supervisor will get some useful information which will help them to formulate a plan of care. The purpose of risk assessment is to protect users and care providers trom abuse, harms and risks The first step ot risk assessment is to identify the causes, things, situations and practices which may create risk in a working environment. Risks in the workplace are chemical or devices, work environment setup hazards, disorganised wiring, slippery flooring, loose carpets, high stacks of boxes, disorganised stuffs and cluttered pathways and so on. https://donemyessay.com/5-rights-of-nursing-delegation/ An expertise or an officer will observe the workplace and identify those substances which may create harm and risk in the workplace. This help to concern staff and avoid those harms and risk occurring in the workplace. The second step is to identify ho are at risk for those hazards. An experienced and skilled person will serve the infected person or who is vulnerable of those risk. Vulnerable persons are exposed minimally or prevented in such a way that they will fall less in injuries or accidents. The third step is to make a plan which is a combination of prevention and solution to minimise risks in the actual care plans. After making the plan, all the plans are executed and implemented. After the implementation, plans are reviewed regularly and revised if necessary. 2. 2 Analyze the impact of health safety policy on health social care practice and its customers. Healthy and safety working condition is very beneficial to all people who directly and indirectly related to health and social care practice. Health and safety policies have impact on the practice and the institution, the employers, staff and service users. Carer likes to demonstrate their effort and show their best performance in healthy and safe working environment. If employees are free from illness and injuries they are ready to work more and increase their efficiency. Any staff who works in a healthy and safety environment they will do their est to stay in the Job for longer time and they become satisfied. Healthy and safe environment improves the quality of practice as staff is free from hazards at their working place. Also users become beneficial for health and safety policies practice. Therefore users won’t be worried because they are served by safe hands. Users are confident about their health and safety and they feel safe to stay in the health and social care setting. A service user will be at easy to get service from familiar care workers whom he/her knew before. A care worker becomes trustworthy to a service ser and he/her can serve the user for longer period of time. The practice of health and safety is very important for an organisation as it provides healthy and safe environment to the staff, service users and so on. Organisations face fewer losses and risks and threats if health and safety policies are practicing properly in the organisation. 2. 3 Explain what are the ethical dilemmas faced by the care worker when ensuring health ; safety of client. What is a dilemma? It is a situation when someone has difficulty to make a choice between two or more things. Users, families, and carer sometimes face difficult decisions about medical reatments that involve moral principles, religious beliefs, or professional guidelines. Health care ethics is a thoughtful exploration of how to act in the right way and make good choices, based on beliefs and values about life, health, suffering, and death. The most common ethical dilemma arise when a user do not want to take their medicine which is very much important to control their current medical condition. According to the legislation, service users have the right to refuse treatment. They have the right to stop medication at any time they want but it is the care worker duty to prevent etrimental complication in the medication routine. In here, care worker faces ethical dilemmas as users do not want to take medicine and it is their responsibility to render services to the users to promote health and well-being. Sometimes this kind of situation can leads to serious issues like for not taking medicine, the user died and a case is filed against the carer. If the care worker forces the user to take the medication, it will break the user’s rights and it will be consider as abuse. Sometimes users refuse to be cleaned which is very dangerous for them as they seriously njured by open wounds, surgical wounds or ulcers. If the wounds is not properly clean it’s may cause serious infections. Some users who are having mobility impaired will not take help from carer because they want to be independent. It is the users right to decide either they will take the help or not but it is a big risk. If the user falls in an accident for not taking help from the care worker, care worker may sue for neglecting their work and responsibilities. Ethical dilemmas are a complex and diverse issue in health and social care work. Sometimes care workers face some kind f ethical dilemmas when ensuring health and safety of the users. How to cite Nursing Home and Health, Papers

Compose Song Alone Compared To Composing †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Compose A Song Alone As Compared To Composing? Answer: Introducation: It is very simple to compose a song alone as compared to composing it with other co-writers when it comes to the legal consequences of its ownership. There is no mandatory registration of copyrights in Australia. Through the concept of copyright the state provides protection to the person who uses their idea to create a valuable composition. Copyright can be in relation to things such as graphic, images, text and sound. Thus the composition of a song comes under the protection of copyrights in Australia. Whenever a musical track is created there are more than one owners of the copyright. These include the composer by whom the song is written owning the copyright of the music, the person who wrote the lyrics owning the copyright of the literature and music performer owns copyrights in relation to sound recordings (Homan 2015). The copyrights laws in relation to joint ownership of property provide that there is no separate ownership of a property with respect to copyright as per the Copyright Act 1968. This means that if there are four owners of a work the ownership would not be 25% each but all four members would hold 100% ownership of the rights as provided by the case of cecinsky v George Routledge Sons Ltd(1916) 2 KB 325. All co-owners are joint owners of the copyright in a property. The joint owners cannot exercise their rights without the consent of the other owners. However when there is no agreement related to the ownership of copyright a co owner may exercise his right but has to share the profits with the other co owners. For instance if a co-owner decides to conduct a music show alone he has to share the proceeding with the other owners of the song. If the right of any co-owner had been infringed by the other owner compensation can be claimed from them as provided by the case of Prior v Lansdown e Press Pty Ltd(1977) VR 65. In this case the music rights are owned by Mel, the literary rights are owned by Paul the live performance rights are owned by Tom and Kim and the whole bands owns the copyright with respect to the sound recording. As discussed above all of them are joint owners of the copyright which exists in the song and each person is liable to the other in case of any infringement. Thus if a distribution is to be done 20% has to be provided to each person along with the band. The simplest way to sell a piece of music to digital distribution services is through the use of Aggregators. The work of the aggregator is to submit the music to various services across the world along with the collection of royalties from streaming or downloads. More than 40 digital aggregators are operating all over the world. Aggregator can be paid simple fees or they charge a percentage of income. Services like Band camp and Louder charge percentage fees and services which charge per song basis include DistroKid and TuneCore. Aggregators are gatekeepers between the big platforms and individual artists. For instance the constnet which is accepted by iTunes are only from encoding houses which are approved. In theory, an individual artists can send content directly to iTunes from an encoding house approved by Apple. However in most cases the application requirements would not be met by the artists. As provided by Apple, Aggregators are individuals who are expert in providing content to iTunes. They can appropriately format and deliver the consents of an individual to apple for a fee. The maximum numbers of independent songs which are available on iTunes have been given by the aggregator partners. Only those contents which have been encoded and delivered by an encoding house which is approved by Apple. The specific encoding which is necessary for distribution on iTunes is done by the encoding houses. One of the fastest, easiest and least expensive aggregator is DistroKid which is also approved by Apple. The aggregator uploads music into Spotify, Apple Music, iTunes and Google play. The aggregator allows the individuals to keep 100% of the royalties and pays every month. The aggregator claims to be 10-20x faster as compared to any other distributor at a very less comparative price. The aggregator charges only $19.99 to upload songs and albums for a year without limit. Any earning from a track can be routed to any other person easily through the aggregator. The aggregator helps the legal distribution of cover songs and a collect payment when such songs are used by others. DistroKid is the only aggregator which allows unlimited uploads for a year. The aggregator can be used through the process of online sign up at its website (DistroKid 2017). When the music work of an artist is approved and uploaded the artist is eligible to get a percentage of royalty on the musical work. The royalty is provided to the artist in accordance to the terms of the contract they get into. Thus, it is very important for an artist to understand the system of royalty along with other cost which are deducted before the final payment is made. The royalties of the songwriter come from public performance such as when the song is played on radio or any restaurant along with the sales of the single or recorded album. When it comes to the qualities of a recording artist they are only eligible to gain royalty from a single or a recorded album sale. The payment of royalties when it comes to record sales is derived from how the calculation is made. Mostly record contracts are not a very straightforward deal. Recoupment of expenses, taxes fixed deduction the price of the product are taken into account for the customary royalty calculation. Every royalty per centage in the music industry is known as a point. Royalties are provided to the artist based upon total record sales percentage. The percentage is determined according to the size of the market. The company which a person is dealing with and the structure of the deal is also taken into account mobile calculating royalty percentage (Graham 2013). ITunes provider royalty rate of 15% (Apple Australia 2017). However this does not mean that a $50 CD sale hand the artist 7.5 dollars. The price which is paid by the retailer to the record company for the product is known as published price top dealer and the royalty rate is a percentage of this price. In the given circumstances this price is $ 2.19. Under standard royalty rate provided by iTunes as discussed above is 15% of this price. No one is provided royalty on GST and when it comes to music albums the percentage of GST applicable is 9%. Thus, 9% of $ 2.19 account to $ 0.33 which means that the price on which 15% would be provided is $ 1.86. Thus, the actual reality which would be received by the artist would be 15% of $ 1.86 which accounts to $ 0.28. The fees of the aggregator selected has already been paid initially so no percentage would be deducted from this price. Additional fees charged by APRA and AMCOS if their services are availed would also be deducted. The leftover am ount would be shared according to the above discuss criteria where the maximum amount would go to the song writers where is the drummer and the bass guitarist would not be eligible for any royalty on the sale. . References Copyright Act 1968 cecinsky v George Routledge Sons Ltd(1916) 2 KB 325 Prior v Lansdowne Press Pty Ltd(1977) VR 65. DistroKid. (2017).DistroKid is the easiest way for musicians to get their music into iTunes, Spotify, Amazon, Google Play, and more. [online] Available at: https://distrokid.com [Accessed 16 Aug. 2017]. Apple (Australia). (2017). iTunes. [online] Available at: https://www.apple.com/au/itunes/ [Accessed 16 Aug. 2017]. Homan, S., 2015. The Popular Music Industries.The Routledge Companion to the Cultural Industries. Graham, P., 2013. Australian copyright regimes and political economy of music. InMusic Business and the Experience Economy(pp. 11-26). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.